<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsLAP6/OsPKS1</Emphasis>, an orthologue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6</Emphasis>, is critical for proper pollen exine formation

Background

Male fertility is crucial for rice yield, and the improvement of rice yield requires hybrid production that depends on male sterile lines. Although recent studies have revealed several important genes in male reproductive development, our understanding of the mechanisms of rice pollen development remains unclear.

Results

We identified a rice mutant oslap6 with complete male sterile phenotype caused by defects in pollen exine formation. By using the MutMap method, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation located in the second exon of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6, which functions in sporopollenin metabolism. Several other loss-of-function mutants of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing tool also exhibited the same phenotype of male sterility. Our cellular analysis suggested that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 might regulate pollen exine formation by affecting bacula elongation. Expression examination indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is specifically expressed in tapetum, and its product is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protein sequence analysis indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is conserved in land plants.

Conclusions

OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is a critical molecular switch for rice male fertility by participating in a conserved sporopollenin precursor biosynthetic pathway in land plants. Manipulation of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 has potential for application in hybrid rice breeding.

     

化学打顶剂在甘肃棉花上的应用效果

2015年在甘肃敦煌植棉区，应用2种化学打顶剂进行不同施用时间和剂量的田间试验表明，土优塔化学打顶剂在6月28日前后、以900 mL·hm^－2的剂量使用，对棉花有较好的封顶效果，对产量及产量构成因子和纤维长度影响不大。2016年示范结果与2015年试验一致     

Changes in photosynthesis,growth, and sugar content of commercial sugarcane cultivars and Erianthus under flood conditions

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an economical crop in the tropical and subtropical countries. However, because of global climate change, flooding has become problematic, particularly during the rainy season, in Thailand. We investigated the effects of floods on three commercial sugarcane cultivars, namely NiF8, U-thong 6 (UT6), and U-thong 9 (UT9), as well as Erianthus spp. Growth was assessed using a pot experiment in a glasshouse with two treatments: (1) control and (2) 60 d of flooding followed by 30 d of normal conditions. In comparison with control, during prolonged flooding, Erianthus showed greatly decreased CO₂ assimilation, whereas NiF8, UT6, and UT9 showed slightly declined CO₂ assimilation. Growth in plants subjected to 60 d of flooding was less influenced by floods while sucrose content was not affected except in UT6. During flooding, some roots died, resulting in plants compensating adventitious roots to offset the negative effects of root death and to assist them in maintaining their growth, which appeared from the submerged nodes, with different characteristics for each cultivar. However, 30 d after draining, roots remained damaged, while adventitious roots died, resulting in lesser growth as compared with the control, but it did not significantly affect sucrose content and sugar yield. This study suggests that sugarcane plants need to produce the adventitious roots to compensate their roots’ death during flooding and require time to recover their root system after flooding for obtaining the optimum yield and quality at harvest.     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

一种基于RPA的番茄褪绿病毒检测方法

番茄褪绿病毒Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV)引起番茄褪绿病毒病,给番茄生产造成严重危害。开发快速准确的检测方法对该病害的防控具有重要意义。利用番茄褪绿病毒外壳蛋白(CP)基因序列,设计特异性引物,建立了ToCV的重组酶聚合酶等温扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification, RPA)检测方法,同时分析了该方法的灵敏度和特异性。结果表明,建立的ToCV-RPA方法在38℃恒温下40 min可从ToCV阳性的番茄样品中扩增出246 bp的特异性条带。扩增时间短,对设备要求低,且与番茄其他病毒无交叉反应,特异性好,灵敏度可达到PCR方法的10倍,适用于ToCV的快速检测。     

白屈菜CmFAD2基因的克隆及植物转化载体构建

通过对白屈菜低温应答过程的转录组分析发现膜脂不饱和化相关基因的表达在一定过程中发生变化,脂肪酸去饱和酶基因FAD2在随温度的变化趋势为正"V"型,且表达量变化显著。利用NCBI等在线软件对序列进行相关生物学信息分析,并对白屈菜FAD家族成员FAD2基因的完整开放阅读框(ORF)进行克隆,并命名为CmFAD2。选用克隆载体pMD-19-T,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,测序验证序列正确性及完整性。将目的基因与植物表达载体pRI-201-AN连接构建重组DNA pRI-201-AN-Cm FAD2,电击法转化农杆菌LBA4404,利用菌液PCR法验证成功。该基因可作为药用植物抗寒品种创制的候选基因。     

马铃薯AP2/ERF转录因子的克隆及植物表达载体构建

AP2/ERF基因家族转录因子普遍存在于植物中,参与植物体内的各种生物学过程,包括植物的生长发育、生物和非生物胁迫响应等。前期转录组测序的结果发现马铃薯‘加湘1号’一个AP2/ERF家族基因(PGSC0003DMG400012154)在接种晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)24 h后被显著激活。从接种P.infestans 24 h的‘加湘1号’的总RNA中通过RT-PCR获得了该基因CDS序列为885 bp,BLAST分析显示该基因编码一个295个氨基酸残基的蛋白,并且含有1个AP2/ERF结构域,是AP2/ERF转录因子家族中的ERF亚家族的一员。本研究将该基因与XcmⅠ酶切的表达载体pCXSN连接,转化大肠杆菌,通过测序挑选插入正确克隆酶切验证,并成功转化农杆菌。本研究结果为进一步研究该基因的功能提供了帮助。     

不同降雨状况下渭北旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线与氮素营养诊断

过量施氮、降雨变率大和水氮耦合差是渭北旱地春玉米生产中氮肥高效利用的主要难题。构建渭北旱地不同降雨状况下春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,分析采用氮营养指数NNI诊断和评价旱地玉米氮素营养状况的可行性,为实现旱地玉米因雨合理施氮提供理论依据。以郑单958和陕单8806为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年5个施氮量处理分别为0、75、150、270和360 kg hm-2, 2018—2019年施氮量调整为0、90、180、270和360 kg hm–2,文中依次用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示。其中2016年和2018年降水状况表现为穗期多雨,花粒期干旱; 2017年和2019年降水状况表现为穗期干旱,花粒期多雨,利用4年田间定位施氮试验数据构建并验证2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型。结果表明:(1)增施氮肥显著提高了旱地春玉米地上部生物量和植株含氮量,不同施氮量处理间差异显著。2种降雨状况下春玉米临界氮浓度和地上部生物量均符合幂指数关系,但模型参数之间存在差异(a.穗期多雨:Nc=35.98DM–0.35;b.穗期干旱:Nc=35.04DM–0.23)。模型拟合的植株氮浓度和实际氮浓度线性相关,穗期多雨年RMSE和n–RMSE分别为1.03、5.75%,穗期干旱年分别为1.53、6.78%,模型均具有较好稳定性。(2)在试验施氮量范围内,不同生育时期NNI随氮肥用量增加而增大,不同降雨状况下最佳施氮量存在差异。渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150～180kghm–2,穗期多雨年追施氮肥45～75kghm–2。(3)氮营养指数NNI与相对吸氮量(RNupt)、相对地上部生物量(RDW)和相对产量(RY)均极显著相关,穗期多雨年NNI为1.02时, RY获得最大值,为0.95;穗期干旱年NNI为1.08时, RY获得最大值,为0.92。本研究建立的旱地玉米临界氮稀释曲线和氮营养指数,能够精准预测2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米拔节期至完熟期的氮素营养状况,对玉米生育季氮诊断及指导精确施氮具有重要意义。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。